"espier" meaning in All languages combined

See espier on Wiktionary

Noun [English]

Forms: espiers [plural]
Etymology: From espy + -er. Etymology templates: {{suffix|en|espy|er|id2=agent noun}} espy + -er Head templates: {{en-noun}} espier (plural espiers)
  1. One who espies.
    Sense id: en-espier-en-noun--N7MpuGI Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English terms suffixed with -er (agent noun), Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries

Verb [Middle French]

Head templates: {{head|frm|verb}} espier Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], espier [infinitive], avoir + past participle [infinitive, multiword-construction], espiant [gerund, participle, present], present participle [gerund, multiword-construction, participle, present], gerund of avoir + past participle [gerund, multiword-construction, participle, present], espié [participle, past], espie [first-person, indicative, present, singular], espies [indicative, present, second-person, singular], espie [indicative, present, singular, third-person], espions [first-person, indicative, plural, present], espiez [indicative, plural, present, second-person], espient [indicative, plural, present, third-person], espiois [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], espioys [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], espiois [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], espioys [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], espioit [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], espioyt [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], espiions [first-person, imperfect, indicative, plural], espiyons [first-person, imperfect, indicative, plural], espiiez [imperfect, indicative, plural, second-person], espiyez [imperfect, indicative, plural, second-person], espioient [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], espioyent [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], espia [first-person, historic, indicative, past, singular], espias [historic, indicative, past, second-person, singular], espia [historic, indicative, past, singular, third-person], espiasmes [first-person, historic, indicative, past, plural], espiastes [historic, indicative, past, plural, second-person], espierent [historic, indicative, past, plural, third-person], espierai [first-person, future, indicative, singular], espieray [first-person, future, indicative, singular], espieras [future, indicative, second-person, singular], espiera [future, indicative, singular, third-person], espierons [first-person, future, indicative, plural], espierez [future, indicative, plural, second-person], espieront [future, indicative, plural, third-person], espierois [conditional, first-person, singular], espieroys [conditional, first-person, singular], espierois [conditional, second-person, singular], espieroys [conditional, second-person, singular], espieroit [conditional, singular, third-person], espieroyt [conditional, singular, third-person], espierions [conditional, first-person, plural], espieryons [conditional, first-person, plural], espieriez [conditional, plural, second-person], espieryez [conditional, plural, second-person], espieroient [conditional, plural, third-person], espieroyent [conditional, plural, third-person], present indicative of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, present], imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect], past historic of avoir + past participle [anterior, indicative, multiword-construction, past], future of avoir + past participle [future, indicative, multiword-construction, perfect], conditional of avoir + past participle [conditional, multiword-construction, perfect], espie [first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], espies [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], espie [present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], espions [first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], espiez [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], espient [plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], espiasse [first-person, imperfect, singular, subjunctive], espiasses [imperfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], espiast [imperfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], espiassions [first-person, imperfect, plural, subjunctive], espiassiez [imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], espiassent [imperfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], present subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, past, subjunctive], imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, pluperfect, subjunctive], espie [imperative, second-person, singular], espions [first-person, imperative, plural], espiez [imperative, plural, second-person], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [imperative, multiword-construction, second-person, singular], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [first-person, imperative, multiword-construction, plural], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [imperative, multiword-construction, plural, second-person]
  1. to watch
    Sense id: en-espier-frm-verb-Zfjqciut Categories (other): Middle French entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries

Verb [Old French]

Etymology: From Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”). Etymology templates: {{inh|fro|la-vul|*spiō||to spy, espy}} Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”), {{der|fro|frk|*spehōn||to spy, watch}} Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”) Head templates: {{head|fro|verb}} espier Inflection templates: {{fro-conj-er}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], espier [infinitive], avoir espïé [infinitive, multiword-construction], en espiant [gerund], gerund of avoir + past participle [gerund, multiword-construction], espiant [participle, present], espïé [participle, past], espi [first-person, indicative, present, singular], espïes [indicative, present, second-person, singular], espïe [indicative, present, singular, third-person], espions [first-person, indicative, plural, present], espïez [indicative, plural, present, second-person], espïent [indicative, plural, present, third-person], espioie [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], espïeie [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], espioe [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], espïeve [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], espioies [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], espïeies [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], espioes [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], espïeves [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], espioit [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], espïeit [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], espiot [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], espïeve [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], espiiiens [first-person, imperfect, indicative, plural], espiiens [first-person, imperfect, indicative, plural], espiiiez [imperfect, indicative, plural, second-person], espiiez [imperfect, indicative, plural, second-person], espioient [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], espïeient [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], espioent [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], espïevent [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], espiai [first-person, indicative, preterite, singular], espias [indicative, preterite, second-person, singular], espia [indicative, preterite, singular, third-person], espiames [first-person, indicative, plural, preterite], espiastes [indicative, plural, preterite, second-person], espïerent [indicative, plural, preterite, third-person], espïerai [first-person, future, indicative, singular], espïeras [future, indicative, second-person, singular], espïera [future, indicative, singular, third-person], espïerons [first-person, future, indicative, plural], espïeroiz [future, indicative, plural, second-person], espïereiz [future, indicative, plural, second-person], espïerez [future, indicative, plural, second-person], espïeront [future, indicative, plural, third-person], espïeroie [conditional, first-person, singular], espïereie [conditional, first-person, singular], espïeroies [conditional, second-person, singular], espïereies [conditional, second-person, singular], espïeroit [conditional, singular, third-person], espïereit [conditional, singular, third-person], espïeriiens [conditional, first-person, plural], espïeriens [conditional, first-person, plural], espïeriiez [conditional, plural, second-person], espïeriez [conditional, plural, second-person], espïeroient [conditional, plural, third-person], espïereient [conditional, plural, third-person], present tense of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, present], imperfect tense of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect], preterite tense of avoir + past participle [anterior, indicative, multiword-construction, past], future tense of avoir + past participle [future, indicative, multiword-construction, perfect], conditional tense of avoir + past participle [conditional, multiword-construction, perfect], espi [first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], espis [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], espit [present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], espions [first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], espïez [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], espïent [plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], espiasse [first-person, imperfect, singular, subjunctive], espiasses [imperfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], espiast [imperfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], espiissons [first-person, imperfect, plural, subjunctive], espiissiens [first-person, imperfect, plural, subjunctive], espiissoiz [imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], espiissez [imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], espiissiez [imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], espiassent [imperfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], present subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, past, subjunctive], imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, pluperfect, subjunctive], espïe [imperative, second-person, singular], espions [first-person, imperative, plural], espïez [imperative, plural, second-person], aspier [alternative], espeier [alternative], espoier [alternative]
  1. to watch Synonyms: esguarder, reguarder Related terms: espie
    Sense id: en-espier-fro-verb-Zfjqciut Categories (other): Old French entries with incorrect language header, Old French verbs ending in -er, Old French verbs with weak-a preterite, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "espy",
        "3": "er",
        "id2": "agent noun"
      },
      "expansion": "espy + -er",
      "name": "suffix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From espy + -er.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "espiers",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "espier (plural espiers)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms suffixed with -er (agent noun)",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              32,
              38
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1885, Edward Bouverie Pusey, The Minor Prophets […] :",
          "text": "but would himself be a seer, an espier of future events",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "One who espies."
      ],
      "id": "en-espier-en-noun--N7MpuGI"
    }
  ],
  "word": "espier"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "l-self",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espier",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerund of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espié",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiois",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioys",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiois",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioys",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioyt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiyons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiyez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioyent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espia",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espias",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espia",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiasmes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiastes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieray",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieras",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiera",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieront",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierois",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroys",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierois",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroys",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroyt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieryons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieriez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieryez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroyent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "past historic of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiasse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiasses",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiast",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiassions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiassiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiassent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "frm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "espier",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle French",
  "lang_code": "frm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to watch"
      ],
      "id": "en-espier-frm-verb-Zfjqciut",
      "links": [
        [
          "watch",
          "watch"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "espier"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Angevin",
      "lang_code": "roa-ang",
      "word": "échaupier"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
      "lang_code": "roa-bbn",
      "word": "épiger"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Haitian Creole",
              "lang_code": "ht",
              "word": "espyon"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "word": "épier"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle French",
      "lang_code": "frm",
      "word": "espier"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Lorrain",
      "lang_code": "roa-lor",
      "word": "h'pié"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Lorrain",
      "lang_code": "roa-lor",
      "word": "khpiyé"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Lorrain",
      "lang_code": "roa-lor",
      "word": "khpwé"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Norman",
      "lang_code": "nrm",
      "word": "êpier"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Picard",
      "lang_code": "pcd",
      "word": "èpieu"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Walloon",
      "lang_code": "wa",
      "word": "spwè"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "sbio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "ysbïo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "aspien"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "sbio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "ysbïo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "aspyen"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "sbio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "ysbïo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "espien"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "sbio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "ysbïo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "espyen"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "sbio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "ysbïo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "spien"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "la-vul",
        "3": "*spiō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to spy, espy"
      },
      "expansion": "Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "frk",
        "3": "*spehōn",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to spy, watch"
      },
      "expansion": "Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fro-conj-er",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espier",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "avoir espïé",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "en espiant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerund of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïé",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeve",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeves",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeve",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiiiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiiiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïevent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espias",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espia",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiames",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiastes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïerent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïerai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeras",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïera",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïerons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeroiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïereiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïerez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeront",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeroie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïereie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeroies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïereies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeroit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïereit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeriiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeriens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeriiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeriez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeroient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïereient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "preterite tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiasse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiasses",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiast",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiissons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiissiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiissoiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiissez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiissiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiassent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aspier",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espeier",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espoier",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "espier",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "fro-conj-er"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old French",
  "lang_code": "fro",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old French verbs ending in -er",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old French verbs with weak-a preterite",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to watch"
      ],
      "id": "en-espier-fro-verb-Zfjqciut",
      "links": [
        [
          "watch",
          "watch"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "espie"
        }
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "esguarder"
        },
        {
          "word": "reguarder"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "espier"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "espy",
        "3": "er",
        "id2": "agent noun"
      },
      "expansion": "espy + -er",
      "name": "suffix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From espy + -er.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "espiers",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "espier (plural espiers)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English countable nouns",
        "English entries with incorrect language header",
        "English lemmas",
        "English nouns",
        "English terms suffixed with -er (agent noun)",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              32,
              38
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1885, Edward Bouverie Pusey, The Minor Prophets […] :",
          "text": "but would himself be a seer, an espier of future events",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "One who espies."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "espier"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "l-self",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espier",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerund of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espié",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiois",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioys",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiois",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioys",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioyt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiyons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiyez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioyent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espia",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espias",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espia",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiasmes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiastes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieray",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieras",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiera",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieront",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierois",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroys",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierois",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroys",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroyt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espierions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieryons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieriez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieryez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espieroyent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "past historic of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiasse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiasses",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiast",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiassions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiassiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiassent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "frm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "espier",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle French",
  "lang_code": "frm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
        "Middle French first group verbs",
        "Middle French lemmas",
        "Middle French verbs",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to watch"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "watch",
          "watch"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "espier"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Angevin",
      "lang_code": "roa-ang",
      "word": "échaupier"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
      "lang_code": "roa-bbn",
      "word": "épiger"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Haitian Creole",
              "lang_code": "ht",
              "word": "espyon"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "word": "épier"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle French",
      "lang_code": "frm",
      "word": "espier"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Lorrain",
      "lang_code": "roa-lor",
      "word": "h'pié"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Lorrain",
      "lang_code": "roa-lor",
      "word": "khpiyé"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Lorrain",
      "lang_code": "roa-lor",
      "word": "khpwé"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Norman",
      "lang_code": "nrm",
      "word": "êpier"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Picard",
      "lang_code": "pcd",
      "word": "èpieu"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Walloon",
      "lang_code": "wa",
      "word": "spwè"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "sbio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "ysbïo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "aspien"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "sbio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "ysbïo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "aspyen"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "sbio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "ysbïo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "espien"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "sbio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "ysbïo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "espyen"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "aspy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "espy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "spy"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "sbio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "lang_code": "cy",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "ysbïo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "spien"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "la-vul",
        "3": "*spiō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to spy, espy"
      },
      "expansion": "Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "frk",
        "3": "*spehōn",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to spy, watch"
      },
      "expansion": "Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fro-conj-er",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espier",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "avoir espïé",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "en espiant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerund of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïé",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeve",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeves",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeve",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiiiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiiiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espioent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïevent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espias",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espia",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiames",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiastes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïerent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïerai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeras",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïera",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïerons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeroiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïereiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïerez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeront",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeroie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïereie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeroies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïereies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeroit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïereit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeriiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeriens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeriiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeriez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïeroient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïereient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "preterite tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiasse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiasses",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiast",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiissons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiissiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiissoiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiissez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiissiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espiassent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espïez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aspier",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espeier",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "espoier",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "espier",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "fro-conj-er"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old French",
  "lang_code": "fro",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "espie"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old French first group verbs",
        "Old French lemmas",
        "Old French terms derived from Frankish",
        "Old French terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
        "Old French terms inherited from Vulgar Latin",
        "Old French verbs",
        "Old French verbs ending in -er",
        "Old French verbs with weak-a preterite",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to watch"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "watch",
          "watch"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "esguarder"
    },
    {
      "word": "reguarder"
    }
  ],
  "word": "espier"
}

Download raw JSONL data for espier meaning in All languages combined (23.8kB)

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "espier"
  ],
  "section": "Middle French",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "espier",
  "trace": "started on line 7, detected on line 7"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "espier"
  ],
  "section": "Middle French",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "espier",
  "trace": "started on line 5, detected on line 7"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
  "path": [
    "espier"
  ],
  "section": "Middle French",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "espier",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
  "path": [
    "espier"
  ],
  "section": "Middle French",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "espier",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-01-19 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (d1270d2 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.